微小信号测量（pV级测量仪器）

泓睿

P13型EM直流微微电压计是一种极其敏感的仪器，可以对低至2×10-11Vdc的进行放大和测量。
对于低阻抗电桥平衡而言，它是一种十分理想的零位探测器。
噪声性能可使用一个1Ω或更大的电源阻抗，探测等级将受到约翰逊电源噪声的限制。P13型微微电压计的同等噪声阻抗仅为1Ω。为了充分利用噪声性能，可借助一个较低的电源阻抗。由于P13型微微电压计可以与10000Ω或更大的电源阻抗共同使用，如果电源阻抗过高，那么其特性将被电源噪声所覆盖。必须对输入线和连接保持高度关注，以确保阻抗尽可能的低于仪器的规定值。

为了实现极低的探测等级，不得不将温度和时间的偏移特性保持在以前难以达到的标准。

P13型EM直流微微电压计确保，即便是在常规的实验室环境中，也能够便利的利用较低的电压范围。本仪器卓越的稳定性意味着它对于长期偏移衡量是一种理想的工具，可以被耦合至记录器上，并在长期内保持无人值守状态。
用户可以借助6位滤波器对响应时间进行控制，并对即将测试的电路板的噪声降低到期望值。可以利用一个11位的多开关对校准的补偿电压实施控制，可以使补偿电压达到100μV。可以借此来衡量在相对较大信号中的较小变动。可借助校准的电位计对可弥补的输入等级进行限制，也就是大约0.01%。
包含护盖的纯铜输入终端布置，便于对将接受测量的电路进行连接。
在前面板上设有一个开关，随着基本幅度灵敏性下降100万倍，可以提供第二个输入。
在仪器尾部由两个输出，其中一个是直接的，另外一个是被隔离的。在隔离器具备良好的线性时，且需要最大的线性时，可以使用直接输出。   

该仪器装有可反复充电的电池，因此具备完全隔离的优点。电池充电过程中存在两种模式。仪器可以被连接至主电源，并使用特殊设计的多屏主变压器，或配备一个独立的连接器，以便外部电流发电器能够被用来保持电池的充电。

当需要小信号的长期解决方案时，第二个模式便能发挥作用。
P13工艺十分高超，能够满足极高的标准，带有终端护盖，能够十分便利的插入两个外部前置端子上。

The EM DC Picovoltmeter ModelP13 is an ultra sensitive instrument which can amplify and measure DC potentialdown to about 20 picovolts (2 X 10e-11 volts).
It is ideal for use as a null detector for lowimpedance bridge balancing.
The noise performance is such that, using asource impedance of 1 ohm or higher, the detection level will be limited by theJohnson noise of the source. The equivalent noise resistance of the P13 is only1 ohm. To make full use of the noise performance, it is desirable to use itwith low source impedance. While the P13 can be operated with source impedanceof 10 K ohm or more, its characteristic will be overwhelmed by the source noiseif the source impedance is too high. Great care must be taken with the inputleads and connections, to keep their resistance below enr of the instrument ifpossible.
In order to realise ultra low detection levels,the drift characteristics with temperature and time have to be maintained tolevels which have been hithertounattainable.       The design of The P13 ensuresthat, even in normal laboratory environments, the lower ranges are easy to use.
The excellent stability of this instrument meansthat it is deal for long term drift measurements, and may be coupled to arecorder and left unattended for long periods.
A six position filter gives the user controlover the response time and reduction of noise from the circuit being measured.
A calibrated offset voltage control is providedwith an eleven position multiplier switch, giving a maximum offset of plus andminus 100 microvolts. This can be used to measure small changes incomparatively large signals. The level of input which can be offset on anyrange will be limited only by the resolution of the calibrated potentiometer,i.e. about 0.01%.
The pure copper input terminal arrangement, withshield, allows easy connection to the circuit to be measured.
A second input is provided, in conjunction witha switch on the front panel, which decreases the sensitivity of the basicranges by one million times.
There are two outputs at the rear of theinstrument, one direct and the other isolated. The direct output is used wheremaximum linearity is required although the isolator also has good linearity.
The instrument is battery operated from internalchargeable batteries and so has the advantage of complete isolation. There aretwo modes of battery charging. The instrument may be connected to the mainssupply and use the specially designed multiple screened toroidal mainstransformer, or a separate connector is provided so that an external currentgenerator may be used to maintain the batterycharge.       The latter mode may be useful whenlong term resolution of small signals is required.
The P13 is engineered to a very high standardand comes complete with a terminal shield, which simply plugs onto the twoouter front terminals.

P13型直流微微电压计说明书

范围
输入：1： 12个基本范围.  ±1nV fsd到 ± 300uVfsd.
输入：2：借助X 1M衰减器， ± 1mV fsd至 ± 300V fsd。

Range
Input 1. 12 basic ranges.  +/- 1nV fsd to +/- 300uV fsd.
Input 2. +/- 1mV fsd to +/- 300V fsd. via X 1Mattenuator精确性
直接输出： ±0.5%                                                      

隔离输出：1%
±2% fsd.
衰减器 ± 0.5%Accuracy
Direct Output. +/-0.5%                                                                                     Isolated Output. 1%
Meter +/- 2% fsd.
Attenuator +/- 0.5%零点偏移优于300pV/℃

Zero Drift
Better than 300pV per degree C.
噪声
同等的噪声阻抗低于1Ω。
峰峰噪声电压取决于滤波器设置。当时间常数为30秒时，将能提供一个大约为50×10-6V的带有短路输入的峰峰噪声电压。

Noise
Equivalent noise resistance less than 1 ohm.
Peak to peak noise voltage depends on filtersetting e.g. filter time constant 30 seconds gives peak to peak noise voltageof approximately 50 picovolts with short circuit input电源阻抗高达1000Ω
在较低电源阻抗上可全面实现的P13噪声性能小于或大致等同于同等噪音比。SourceResistance
Up to 1 K ohm.
The full potential of the noise performance ofthe P13 will be realised at low source impedance, less than or comparable withthe enr.解决方案

优于20pV，取决于反应时间。
Resolution
Better than 20 Pico volts, dependent on response time.输入阻抗

输入1：大约为1MΩ，输入步骤变化后3秒，输入将会随着时间上升至100MΩ以上。
输入2：10MΩInputImpedance
Input 1. Approximately 1 M ohm, 3 seconds after a step change in theinput increasing with time to more than 100 M ohm.
Input 2. 10 M ohm.补偿电流可在前面板上调整至0.
温度系数优于20pA/℃。OffsetCurrent
Adjustable to zero at the front panel.
Temperature coefficient better than 20pA perdegree C.响应时间取决于滤波器的设定和范围。最低为250毫秒，最大为300秒。
ResponseTime
Depends on setting of filter and range. Minimum 250 milliseconds. Maximum300 seconds.滤波器前面板上开关操作的六点位低通滤波器。Filter
Six position low pass filter operated by a switch on the front panel.补偿带有刻盘的10位电位计，在前面板上的刻度为0-100，与一个11点位的开关共同提供最大的补偿为正负0nV, 100nV, 1uV, 10uV, 100uV,以及一个a’0’的点位。解析度优于0.01%。精确度优于1%。

Offset
10 turn potentiometer with dial, calibrated 0-100 on the front panel, inconjunction with an eleven position switch giving maximum offsets of plus andminus 10nV, 100nV, 1uV, 10uV, 100uV, and a '0' position. Resolution better than0.01%. Accuracy better than 1%.

串模抑制在50Hz时大于80dB.
SeriesMode Rejection
Greater than 80dB at 50Hz.

共模抑制在50Hz时大于180dB（输出到输入）。CommonMode Rejection
Greater than 180dB at 50Hz (output to Input)输出直接和隔离的输出导致0到 ± 1V的满刻度偏移。
放大器增益在与电压设定范围相同。Outputs
Direct and Isolated outputs giving 0 to +/- 1V for full scaledeflection.
Amplifier gain equals the reciprocal of therange setting in volts隔离机箱输入：100GΩ
输入到输出：1pF不平衡能力分流的100GΩ。Isolation
Input to case. 100 G ohm.
Input to output. 100 G ohm shunted by 1pFunbalanced capacity.连接器输入：低热电势纯铜终端，具备基本测量范围，在终端罩上有一个插座（输入1）。
“输入2”和“机箱”。4毫米插座端子。
在面板尾部4毫米插座上的输出。Connectors
Inputs. Low thermal emf pure copper terminals for basic ranges (Input 1)with plug on terminal cover.
'Input 2' and 'Case'. 4mm terminal sockets.
Outputs 4mm sockets at rear panel.仪器紧带安培计。
100毫米镜面表盘，刻度为10-0-10以及3-0-3。
Meter
Taut band movement type.
100mm Mirror Scale calibrated 10-0-10 and 3-0-3.电源内部可重新充电电池在满电情况下可以维持50个小时以上的运转。内部干线充电器为电池充电16小时，当仪器关闭或调至20小时后，方可使用。电源要求为110伏或240伏。50Hz或60Hz,5VA.
电池可以从外部电源充电。最低电压为20V。
电池容量：1.2Ah。
外部充电器必须为电源。PowerSupply
Internal rechargeable batteries giving more than 50 hours operation froma full charge. Internal mains powered charger fully charges the batteries in 16hours with the instrument switched off or 20 hours when in use. Power required110V or 240V. 50Hz or 60Hz 5VA.
There is an alternative input to the batteriesto charge from an external current source. Minimum voltage 20V
Battery capacity 1.2Ah.
NB. External charger must be a current source.规格宽度：314 (12.4英寸)
深度：322 (12.7英寸)

高度：179（7英寸），包括折叠式脚座。
Dimensions
Width 314 (12.4")
Depth 322 (12.7")
Height 179 (7") Including folded feet.重量28磅 (12.5千克)。

Weight
28 lb. (12.5Kg).

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